Cancer cure methods of treatment. Modern drugs against cancer: how they treat, types and names

The human body consists of many cells, their work is strictly ordered, they grow only with injuries, after the restoration of damaged tissue, growth immediately stops. Cancer cells behave chaotically, their growth does not stop, they affect healthy organs, forming malignant tumors. Such growth dynamics of "aggressors" makes it difficult to understand their nature. The fight against foreign cells lies on immune system, for her they seem to be marked with a marker. But she does not see cancer cells because of their constant mutation. New in cancer treatment is addressed precisely to this factor. Long years studies by doctors around the world, led to the conclusion that some of the cancer cells do not change, the task of the T-cell of the immune system is to “program” them to destroy them.

New cancer treatments

The latest cancer treatment

essence new technology is that a sick person is assigned a biopsy of a cancerous tumor. Cells that are not capable of mutation are identified and labeled with a biomarker. His own T-cells, in the laboratory, change the genetic code, aiming at the destruction of the marked ones. "Hunters" return back to their body and begin to kill cells that are not able to mutate. At first glance, the technique is simple, but it is the technology of the future.

Research is costly, and human trials have been conducted with positive results. It is not yet possible to apply this treatment at the moment, side effects, if any, have not been fully studied. An unbearable price for an individual patient. The instability of the behavior of marked cells, and genetically modified T-cells over time, is unknown how they will deal with their counterparts in the immune system.

The advances of modern medical science are opening up new methods of treating cancer, constantly improving the known ones, with the help of which many forms of the disease have been overcome.

Targeted Therapy

Along with well-known methods of treatment that have proven themselves well (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy), new ones were introduced in 2015-2016, including targeted therapy (targeted). This is a drug effect on cancer molecules, in which they are destroyed and stop growth. The advantage of targeted therapy is that it does not destroy healthy cells. The drug is carried by the blood stream throughout the body, which makes it possible to act on distant sites with metastases, but this reduces the concentration in the focus itself.

Treatment is applied, both independently and in combination. Depending on the type of malignant tumor, immunotherapy is used. Its essence lies in the impact on the patient's immune system in order to include it in the fight against tumor cells. The patient is given a biological preparation individually selected for his case, which, in turn, affects T-cells. Immunotherapy is defended by the number of people who have recovered from the disease. Against it, like everything new in medicine, it has not been fully studied, and when using biological preparations, side effects occur (weakness, nausea, vomiting, fever).

Boron neutron capture therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the newest methods of fighting oncology. The action of its work is aimed at getting rid of tumors of the neck and head, until now this form of cancer was considered incurable. The procedure is similar to radiation therapy, but has the advantage of not harming healthy cells. BNCT is carried out in two stages, the patient is given an amino acid and boron, amino acids are building materials for cancer cells, so they begin to absorb them intensively. At the second stage, the cells are irradiated with a neutron flux, entering into interaction with boron, which came along with the amino acid, a reaction similar to a microexplosion occurs, the tumor begins to collapse. Nearby healthy cells remain unharmed.

Only in a few clinics around the world, the therapy has been tested and given good results. The difficulty of this procedure lies in the fact that for the formation of neutrons, a nuclear reactor is needed, acting as a generator. In Russia, it is the only one at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and work on the use of boron neutron capture therapy was carried out in 2015-2016. In the near future, with good funding from the government, it is planned to build a nuclear reactor on the basis of the Novosibirsk state university, but it will not be able to work until 2022.

X-ray therapy

X-ray therapy is widely used in modern medicine to get rid of oncological diseases. On its basis, Russian scientists are developing a method called microbeam X-ray exposure. Rays directed to the affected area also affect a healthy cell. With the new method, they work selectively, causing minimal harm to the body as a whole. Scientists use the so-called grid with cells of 0.1 mm, which cuts the stream of rays into many "beams" and they are directed only at diseased cells, minimally injuring healthy ones. In parallel, studies are underway on the use of manganese oxide nanoparticles. This substance accumulates only in the cells of cancerous formations, destroying it from the inside. The method is still in the stage of laboratory tests on animal cells.

Another experimental development worth paying attention to is intraoperative radiation therapy using the Xoft system. It is carried out during the operation and the area that was affected is irradiated directly, while the surgeon is working, the focus is well defined visually. This method, like all the previous ones, is aimed at injuring healthy cells as little as possible. But is costly.

New cancer drugs

Treatment of the problem, as a rule, begins with identifying the causes of its occurrence. Cancer is not a death sentence. Identified signs of a malignant tumor on initial stage are successfully treated.

Mandatory preventive examinations (for example, when applying for a job) reveal signs of oncology. General analyzes blood and urine will change, which gives a reason for the specialist to identify the problem.

Targeted search includes a blood test for tumor markers, cytological diagnosis of affected tissues, histology of cell analysis. With the help of special medical equipment, MRI, X-ray, endoscopy, ultrasound is done. Based on this, treatment is prescribed. The medicine for the treatment of oncology is included in the complex with methods for eliminating the disease:

"Bevacizumab" blocks the development of tumors. It is administered intravenously, according to a scheme strictly defined for an individual case, for the period 2015-2016, it has found wide application. A side effect is the inhibition of hematopoietic sprouts. The cost of the drug is from 7500 thousand.

Crizotinib is indicated for lung cancer, controls the growth of cancer cells. Side effects are manifested in the form of nausea, visual impairment. The cost is from 4500 euros.

Erlotinib is used to treat pancreatic cancer. Side effects in the form of a rash and gastrointestinal upset. Price from 30,000 to 70,000.

"Sinestrol" is used in the treatment of cancer of the ovaries, uterus, breast, prostate. It is administered intramuscularly, the dosage is determined by the doctor. TO side effects applies headache, uterine bleeding, dizziness, nausea, pain in the nipples. The drug costs from 250 rubles.

Vitamin B17 (Amygdalin) has a detrimental effect on cancer cells, amino acids are used in the treatment: L-Lysyl, L-Proline, L-Arginine, N-Acetyl-cystine. The composition of many drug forms includes minerals such as selenium, copper, manganese.

Both traditional methods and new ones in the treatment of cancer are aimed at studying and completely destroying a disease that threatens to destroy humanity as a species.

Cancer pills are part of drug therapy various oncological diseases. Consider their types, rules of appointment and other features of the application.

Scientists from all over the world are working on solving the problem of cancer treatment. To do this, use high-quality medical equipment and modern technologies for early detection of cancer. The choice of method of therapy depends entirely on the type of tumor, its stage, the age of the patient and his general health.

Radiation and radionuclide therapy, surgery and, of course, chemotherapy can be used for treatment. If necessary, these methods are combined, providing a comprehensive destructive effect on the tumor. The use of tablets takes place only under the supervision of a physician. This is due to the fact that drug therapy should be accompanied by special treatment, vitamin therapy, dietary nutrition and monitoring of vital signs.

ATX code

L01 Anticancer drugs

Pharmacological group

Antitumor agents and immunomodulators

Antitumor antibiotics

Anticancer hormonal agents and hormone antagonists

Anticancer drugs - monoclonal antibodies

pharmachologic effect

Anticancer drugs

Indications for the use of cancer pills

For the treatment of cancer, various methods are used, which depend on the severity of the pathology, but chemotherapy is used at almost all stages. Indications for its use are based on the results of tests that revealed cancer cells. The type of drug and its dosage depend on the stage of the disease and its localization.

The main task of the pills is to destroy malignant cells. In some cases, as, for example, in the last stages, it is impossible to completely destroy the tumor, but it is quite possible to stop its reproduction and growth. Based on this, medications are prescribed to slow down the growth of tumor cells.

Consider the main types of drugs and indications for their use:

• Hormonal

If the tumor occurs within the reproductive system, then in most cases it is hormone-dependent. The growth of such a neoplasm is stimulated by hormones: testosterone (in men) and estrogen (in women). The higher the level of hormones, the more severe the disease. The task of the tablets is to block their production, gradually reducing the level in the blood. Hormonal therapy is carried out for cancer of the prostate, mammary glands, thyroid gland.

• Toxic (from aggressive forms of cancer)

Some forms of cancer develop very quickly, such as lung disease. In this case, toxic drugs and compounds of the most active agents are used to prevent metastasis. Such patients are prescribed strong painkillers.

• Antiviral

In the treatment of oncological diseases, the method of immunotherapy is used, which is aimed at increasing the resistance of the immune system. This is due to the fact that some forms of oncology develop under viral influence. For example, in uterine cancer, the cause may be the human papillomavirus.

• Universal antitumor agents

This is a series of drugs that can be used for any form of the disease. They disrupt the process of reproduction of malignant cells.

• Anticancer antimetabolites

Used for damage to the respiratory and reproductive system, digestive tract, blood, skin, mammary glands with metastasis.

Very often I diagnose oncology too late, when radical methods of treatment can no longer be applied. In this case, the tablets fight metastases, alleviating the patient's condition.

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Release form

Drug therapy cancer is one of the stages of its complex treatment. For these purposes, antitumor and immunological tablets are used that destroy malignant cells and support the immune system. There are many anti-cancer drugs on the pharmaceutical market. The choice of a suitable remedy should be handled by the attending physician. The stage of the disease, the location of the tumor, the age of the patient and the general condition of the body are taken into account.

Cancer pill names

Consider the main names of pills for cancer:

• Hormonal - block the body's production of hormones that feed tumor growths. Depending on the type of cancer, patients may be prescribed: Taxol, Herceptin, Zoladex, Sinetrol, Thyreocomba, Tamoxifen, Thyreoidin and others.
• Universal remedies against any form of cancer - 5-fluorouracil, Ftorafur, Doxorubicin, disrupt the process of reproduction of cancer cells.
• Toxic against aggressive forms of oncology - Adriamycin, Fluorouracil, Vepezid, Bevacizumab, are used for tumors with rapid growth.
• Painkillers with narcotic properties - Promedol, Morphine, Celebrex. May be combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics such as ibuprofen or indomethacin.
• Cytostatics and Cytotoxins - prescribed to patients with blood cancer. Cytostatics quickly destroy tumor cells, but have a number of side effects. Cytotoxins are milder in their action, they gradually dissolve cancer cells with the help of enzymes.

All of the above means are used only for medical purposes. Self-administration of anticancer drugs is contraindicated, because instead of the expected therapeutic effect you can get a number of uncontrolled side reactions.

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Thymosin alpha 1

Various drugs are used to treat cancer. Particular attention is paid to immunomodulators that correct the immune status. Thymosin alpha 1 is included in this pharmacological category. Its effectiveness is based on the impact on the functional activity of lymphocytes and markers.

Induces markers of mature T-cells in lymphocytes, post-differential activity of induction of lymphokines and their receptors. Increases the functions of T-cells, increasing the rate of their maturation and the ability to produce cytokines, interleukin 2, 3, interferon-gamma.

• Indications for use: chronic viral hepatitis B, compensated by liver diseases and viral replication. Can be used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of viral hepatitis C and for the treatment of breast cancer.
• The drug is taken according to the scheme developed by the doctor, so the dosage and course of treatment are individual. Side effects of Thymosin alfa 1 have not been identified.
• It is contraindicated to use in case of hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, for children under 18 years of age and with immunosuppression. The treatment of pregnant women is not used and is prescribed with extreme caution for elderly patients.

Pharmacodynamics

The effectiveness of the drug is determined by the mechanism of action of the substances that make up its composition. The pharmacodynamics of different types of cancer pills makes it possible to consider in more detail the principle of their action and make a prognosis for recovery:

• Hormonal remedies

Taxol is a biosynthetic antitumor agent. Its mechanism of action is associated with stimulating the assembly of microtubules of dimeric tubulin molecules and stabilizing their structure. This occurs by suppressing depolymerization and disrupting the myotic functions of the cell. Active components are effective against malignant lesions of the breast, testicles, lung and various types of sarcoma.

• Antivirals

Isoprinosine is an immunostimulant with antiviral properties. The drug is a synthetic derivative of purine. It restores the activity of lymphocytes during immunosuppression, increases blastogenesis, stimulates the expression of membrane receptors on T-helpers, and prevents a decrease in the activity of lymphocytes. Stimulates cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, natural killer functions of T-suppressors and T-helpers, reduces the formation of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Antiviral activity is shown in relation to herpes viruses simplex, human T-cell lymphoma type III, cytomegalovirus, poliovirus, influenza A and B, ECHO virus. The antiviral action is based on the inhibition of viral RNA involved in viral replication.

• Cytotoxins and cytostatics

Melphalan is one of the representatives of this pharmacological category. It is used to treat multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, various types of sarcoma and neuroblastoma. Its action is associated with damage to DNA molecules and a violation of its polymerization, reduplication and the formation of DNA and RNA with defects. This stops protein synthesis and leads to the gradual death of cancer cells.

Cytotoxicity is associated with blockade of interstrand cross-links in DNA and impaired cellular replication. The active substances are active against dormant and active tumor cells. Stimulates proliferative processes in the tissues surrounding the neoplasm, regenerates nerve fibers. It enhances the secretion of corticosterone and the follicle-stimulating function of the pituitary gland.

• Toxic drugs of aggressive forms

Docetaxel is included in the category of taxoids of plant origin with antitumor activity. It is used for breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer. Its mechanism of action is associated with the accumulation of tubulin in microtubules, preventing their decay and disrupting the phase of mitosis, interfacial processes in tumor cells. Accumulates in cells, active against cells producing large amounts of p-glycoprotein.

• Universal means (used for any form of oncology)

Ftorafur is a drug for the treatment of cancer, the mechanism of action of which is associated with a violation of the synthesis of RNA and DNA. It is used for colon cancer, breast cancer, gastric lesions, diffuse neurodermatitis and skin lymphomas. Once in the body, the active components are converted into 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate, penetrating into tumor cells and destroying them.

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Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration or the introduction of a drug into the body, various chemical and biological processes occur with it. Pharmacokinetics allows you to learn more about the effectiveness of different types of anticancer drugs.

• Hormonal drugs

Taxol is intended for intravenous administration at a standard dosage of 135-175 mg/m2 over 3-24 hours. When distributed throughout the tissues of the body, the concentration of paclitaxel decreases according to two-phase kinetics. With increasing dosage, the pharmacokinetics becomes non-linear, and the concentration active substance in plasma increases from 70% to 81%. Binding to plasma proteins at the level of 89%.

The drug is metabolized in the liver with CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes to form the metabolite 6-alpha-hydroxypaclitaxel, 3-para-hydroxypaclitaxel and 6-alpha, 3-para-dihydroxypaclitaxe. It is excreted within 24 hours with urine unchanged.

• Antivirals

Isoprinosine after oral administration is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum values ​​of the active component in the blood plasma are reached within 1-2 hours. Rapidly metabolizes to two active metabolites. Excreted by the kidneys within 24-48 hours.

• Cytotoxins and cytostatics

Melphalan is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and passes through the liver. The level of absorption depends on food intake. Active components are distributed through tissues and organs within 336 minutes. The maximum plasma concentration is reached within 2 hours, bioavailability is 56-27%. Excreted by the kidneys with urine.

Docetaxel has a dose-dependent kinetics, binding to plasma proteins of 95%. The drug is excreted in the urine and feces within 7 days after application. Pharmacokinetics does not depend on the age and sex of the patient. With impaired liver function, the total clearance is reduced by 27%.

• Generic drugs

Ftorafur after oral administration is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is still detectable in the blood after 24 hours with a single dose. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is reached within 4-6 hours, bioavailability is complete. It has a high lipophilicity, but is a water-soluble compound. Lipophilicity ensures rapid distribution throughout the body and passage through biological membranes. Metabolized in the liver, excreted in the feces and urine.

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Use of cancer pills during pregnancy

Cancer during pregnancy is rare. According to medical statistics, there is only 1 such case per 1000 pregnancies. Very often, neither the doctor nor the patient is sure that the treatment will be effective, and most importantly, safe. But it must be understood that cancer very rarely affects the fetus, despite the fact that some of its types spread through the placenta. Therefore, a woman with cancer is quite capable of giving birth to a healthy child.

The treatment process is long and difficult. The possibility of using pills for cancer during pregnancy is determined by the attending physician. The task of physicians is to choose the optimal type of therapy with minimal risks for the mother and fetus.

Cancer pills used by a pregnant woman can affect the fetus in the following ways:

• Cause disorders and developmental anomalies.
• lead to fetal death.
• Change the functions of the placenta due to narrowing blood vessels.
• Disruption of oxygen metabolism and nutrients between mother and fetus.
• They provoke an active contraction of the muscles of the uterus, which harms the fetus, reducing blood supply.

The type of treatment depends on such factors: the gestational age of the fetus, the type, location and size of the neoplasm, the characteristics of the patient's body. This is due to the fact that many drugs and treatments can harm the baby, especially in the first months of gestation. Therefore, in most cases, therapy is carried out in the second and third trimester (the placenta acts as a barrier between mother and child, without missing medications) or postponed until the birth of the child.

The prognosis for recovery of a pregnant woman in most cases is the same as that of non-pregnant women. But if treatment is delayed until childbirth, then this increases the risk of tumor growth, worsening the chances of recovery. The prognosis may worsen due to a large number produced hormones, which increases the risk of hormone-dependent forms of cancer. Particular attention is paid to the choice of drugs, since taking many medications calls into question the process of lactation.

Contraindications

Cancer pills, like any other drugs, have contraindications for use. Consider the most common of them using the example of the universal anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil:

• Intolerance to the active substance and auxiliary components of the drug.
• Pregnancy and lactation (use is possible when the potential benefit to the mother is higher than the risk to the fetus).
• Low levels of platelets and white blood cells.

With extreme caution, the drug is used for renal or hepatic insufficiency, acute infectious lesions of any etiology, with cachexia, radiation or chemotherapy in history. And also for the treatment of patients of childhood and senile age (for some drugs it is an absolute contraindication).

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side effects of cancer pills

Treatment of oncological diseases is associated not only with the risk of death, but also with the side effects of the drugs used. Conservative therapy, used a couple of decades ago, caused severe complications and required long-term rehabilitation. Modern cancer pills and other drugs have fewer adverse reactions, so they are easier to tolerate by patients.

Consider the possible side effects of drug therapy for oncology:

• Nausea, vomiting, constipation / diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders - occur due to severe intoxication of the body. To minimize these symptoms, chemotherapy drugs are taken simultaneously with antiemetics, which alleviate the patient's condition.
• Reactions caused by disruption of the bone marrow - side symptoms of this type are the most dangerous. This is due to the fact that the bone marrow saturates the blood with red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Cytostatics slow down the production of these cells, causing:
• Weakness and increased fatigue - appear as a result of a decrease in the number of red blood cells.
• Weakened immune system and frequent viral and bacterial infections This is the result of a decrease in the production of lymphocytes.
• Frequent bleeding, subcutaneous hematomas - occur due to a violation of blood clotting against a background of platelet deficiency.
• Alopecia - hair loss is the body's response to the action of toxic substances. However, not all chemotherapy drugs cause hair loss. Some medicines reduce the amount of hair or thin the hair follicles. This symptom is temporary. That is, after a couple of months, the hairline will fully recover.

To prevent adverse reactions and minimize their severity, patients are prescribed antiviral agents, gland preparations, vitamins and minerals. Mandatory monitoring of vital functions is shown. In especially severe cases, a blood transfusion is performed to restore its parameters.

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Dosage and administration

In order for the treatment to be effective, it is important to choose not only effective drugs, but also to prescribe the method of administration and dose. Cancer pills can be used both as monotherapy and in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. different forms release. That is, the doctor prescribes injections, droppers and local funds to achieve sustainable treatment results.

Therapy is carried out in courses, their number and duration are individual for each patient. They depend on the stage of cancer, its localization and the condition of the patient's body. The dosage is determined according to the same principle. At first, high doses are prescribed, gradually lowering for maintenance therapy.

pain pills for cancer

Painful sensations in malignant diseases occur with the growth of the tumor and the body's response to the therapy used. Painkillers for cancer are prescribed at all stages of the disease. Today, many drugs are produced to eliminate pain of a different nature. In order for the treatment to be effective, it is necessary to accurately determine the nature and cause of the discomfort.

Types of pain in cancer by origin:

1. Visceral - organ damage abdominal cavity. Unpleasant sensations do not have a clear localization, but can be defined as squeezing or bursting. The pains are dull or aching.
2. Somatic - occur in tendons, joints, blood vessels, ligaments. Prolonged, poorly defined, dull.
3. Psychogenic - appear without a specific organic lesion, so painkillers are ineffective in most cases. They indicate disorders of the central nervous system, emotional experiences, stress and self-hypnosis associated with the disease.
4. Neuropathic - occur when the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system is damaged.

Very often, cancer patients have a combined pain syndrome, which is associated with the characteristics of cancer and its therapy. The success of treatment depends on the following factors:

• Start treatment at the first sign of discomfort.
• Taking medications on schedule to anticipate and prevent pain.
• Selection of an analgesic, taking into account the intensity of the pain syndrome and the characteristics of the body.
• Informing the patient about the effect of prescribed drugs, detailed diagram their use and data on possible side effects.

For the treatment of pain in cancer, a three-stage scheme developed by the World Health Organization in 1998 is used:

1. The use of non-narcotic analgesics and adjuvant drugs - these can be: Paracetamol, Aspirin, Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Diclofenac, Piroxicam, Indomethacin, Lornoxicam. The drugs stop mild pain, and their use with narcotic analgesics is effective for severe discomfort. To stop the pain caused by tumor growth, steroids are used: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone, Rofecoxib.
2. Weak opioids, non-narcotic analgesics, adjuvant drugs - Codeine, Tramadol - 4-6 times a day, 50-100 mg each. A combination of these drugs can be used: Codeine, Hydrocodone and Aspirin, that is, an opioid and a non-narcotic analgesic.
3. Strong opioids, non-narcotic analgesics, adjuvant drugs - Morphine, Buprenorphine, Oxycodone, Alfentanil, Methadone, Fentanyl, Buprenorphine and other drugs that act on the central nervous system.

With severe pain, it is necessary to identify its connection with the disease. For example, with metastatic lesions of the meninges, infectious processes or lesions internal organs. For this, the patient undergoes CT, ultrasound, MRI and a number of other tests. After establishing the true cause of the pathological condition, the doctor selects painkillers.

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Overdose

Violation of medical recommendations or the conditions of instructions for the use of cancer pills threatens with serious negative reactions from many organs and systems. Overdose in most cases is manifested by increased adverse reactions. Patients experience the following symptoms:

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.
• Pain of various localization.
• Headaches, dizziness and loss of consciousness.
• Disorders of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems.
• Stomatitis.
• secondary infections.
• Various dermatological reactions and other symptoms.

To eliminate them, an antidote is used, if it is absent, then symptomatic therapy is indicated. In especially severe cases, stop the use of the drug, conduct a blood transfusion and monitor vital functions.

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Interactions with other drugs

Very often, an integrated approach is used to treat malignant diseases. Its goal is to have a comprehensive effect on the neoplasm and interaction with other drugs. All medicines are selected by the doctor, focusing on their compatibility and possible adverse reactions.

• Hormonal drugs

Taxol in combination with doxorubicin increases its concentration, but reduces the clearance of paclitaxel (the active component of Taxol) by 33%. When used before doxorubicin, symptoms of neutropenia and stomatitis appear. When interacting with ranitidine, cimetidine or dexamethasone, there are no violations in the binding of paclitaxel to blood proteins.

• Antivirals

When using Isoprinosine with immunosuppressants, the activity of the former decreases. Uricosuric drugs, diuretics, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors increase the risk of elevated serum uric acid.

• Cytotoxins and cytostatics

Melphalan weakens the results of immunization with inactivated vaccines. Radiation therapy, Levomycetin, Aminazin and myelotoxic agents cause thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. When administered with cyclosporine, it causes severe renal failure.

• Toxic drugs in aggressive forms

Docetaxel should be used with caution with drugs that induce, inhibit or are metabolized by the cytochrome P450-3A system. Does not affect the action of digitoxin and its binding to plasma proteins. When combined with doxorubicin, the clearance of docetaxel is increased, but its efficacy is maintained. When interacting with cisplatin and carboplatin, the pharmacological characteristics of drugs do not change.

• Generic drugs

Ftorafur, when interacting with phenytoin, enhances its effect, increases the effectiveness of any other chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy. When used with inhibitors of microsomal oxidation in the liver, the toxic effect of Ftorafur increases.

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• Herceptin - used in breast cancer. Affects HER 2 neoplasm receptors, quickly destroying defective cells. Improves the chances of survival, has a minimum of adverse reactions.
• Xeloda is an oral cytostatic drug for the treatment of breast cancer and colorectal pathologies. The peculiarity of this medicine is that it can be used both on an outpatient basis and at home. The drug has a tumor-activated mechanism of action, which is aimed at the destruction of malignant cells. Promotes a rapid reduction in tumor size with minimal adverse reactions.
• Tarceva is a drug that stabilizes the tumor. Its action is aimed at blocking the receptors responsible for the growth of the neoplasm. It has a tablet form of release, it is used for various cancerous lesions of the body.
• ZL105 is an inorganic chemical compound based on iridium. Causes an energy imbalance inside cancer cells, provoking their destruction. The drug is effective in the treatment of melanoma, kidney, breast and colon cancer. Suitable for patients with chemotherapy-resistant forms of cancer.
• Chlorambucil - its action is aimed at disrupting DNA replication and the destruction of malignant cells. This occurs through interaction with the nucleophilic centers of DNA and the formation of covalent bonds.
• Temodex - released in 2016, is a more affordable analogue of the American drug Gliadel. It is produced in the form of a transparent gel, which is applied to the bed of the removed neoplasm and surrounding tissues. According to experimental studies, life expectancy increases by 1.5 times.
• Prospidelong - used to treat tumors of the abdominal organs. Available in the form of a powder, which must be diluted in sterile distilled water to turn it into a clear gel. The agent is applied to the site of the tumor, sutures, ligatures and skin after removal of the lymph nodes. According to clinical studies, in 100% of cases it prevents the recurrence of cancer during a previous operation to remove the tumor. Serial production of the drug is scheduled for 2017.
• Cisplacel is a feature of this drug, this is its release form - a soft knitted napkin made of a biologically absorbable gel with anti-cancer properties. The napkin is attached to the site of the removed tumor. It gradually resolves within 20-30 days, that is, it provides continuous chemotherapy. Reduces the risk of disease recurrence by 40% and increases life expectancy by 60%. It is used in neurosurgery for the treatment of tumors of the brain, neck and head.

Despite so many effective drugs to eliminate cancer, the best method of treatment is the prevention of the disease and its early diagnosis.

Cancer Prevention Pills

There are many methods used to prevent cancer. Pills for the prevention of cancer - this is at first glance an ideal tool for protecting against malignant lesions. But do not forget that any drug is not only beneficial, but also harmful to the body.

A mechanism for the prevention of oncology has been developed, which consists of the following stages:

1. Healthy lifestyle, exclusion of bad habits.
2. Timely diagnosis of precancerous conditions, monitoring people at risk.
3. Prevention of recurrence of the disease and its metastasis.

Any other cancer pills are used only for medical purposes. Most often, patients are prescribed such prophylactic agents: Terapikar, NovoMin, Unkarin, Nattokinase, Oksin and others. An integrated approach makes it possible to identify precancerous background processes and carry out dynamic monitoring of patients.

Alternative treatments for cancer have been developed in opposition to the options available in modern medicine. Sometimes they can be even more effective than the usual methods, besides, the harm to the body is much less. But there is still a risk of choosing the wrong treatment and, as a result, aggravating the course of the disease.

Gennady Markov is now the CEO of CJSC STC Virus, where cancer patients receive treatment according to a recently developed methodology. This method of getting rid of cancer was invented 20 years ago and was called the "Method of biological stimulation and correction of the phenotype of the human body."

The method itself lies in the fact that informational influence is carried out on malignant cells. It is effective in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers, including leukemia. Markov claims that his method can help even people with diseases of the last stage, when traditional medicine is already powerless, as well as in advanced cases, if treatment for some reason was not carried out.

Treatment of patients is carried out using the neutrino gun invented by Markov. This device acts on the patient with a dense stream of neutrinos, directly killing cancer cells in the body and at the same time, without affecting healthy ones.

This method is effective as an independent therapy, as well as in combination with traditional medicine measures to maintain the overall immunity of the body and speedy recovery of the patient. It is not always possible to cure cancer completely in this way, however, after therapy, patients can return to a full life and refuse to constantly take various medications.

One of the main advantages of the method is the absence of the need for surgical intervention in the human body, which actually negates the possible negative consequences. In general, the use of a neutrino gun is somewhat similar to an operation, because it also removes cancer cells from the body, however, negative consequences for patients from such an intervention is an order of magnitude less.

Fistulous method

One of the main "whales" of the method is special diet, which includes various foods that help maintain immunity and provide the body with all the necessary elements.

So, for example, products with a high content of phytoncides are welcome: onions, garlic, juniper, citrus fruits, mustard, radish, birch leaves. Throughout the course, it is important to observe separate meals, that is, do not mix products from different groups. Food with a high content of iodine, such as seaweed, will also be useful. Alternatively, you can simply consume an iodine solution (only in very small doses) or blue iodine (prepared on your own). This will help make up for the lack of this element. It is important to ensure that all the necessary vitamins and minerals get into the body with food.

After adjusting the diet, it is necessary to cleanse the body. This includes the removal of harmful substances from the internal organs (in the sequence: intestines, joints, liver, kidneys, lymph and blood), and even the physical cleaning of the oral cavity, where pathogenic bacteria can accumulate.

The next step in the body is to get rid of fungi of the genus Candida and Trichomonas. For this, special antifungal drugs. By the way, it is believed that drugs of this type will work only after cleaning the body, which is why it is carried out at the previous stage.

It is important to remember that not everyone can use such drugs, for example, people with leukemia, granulomatosis, thrombosis and diseases of the cardiovascular system should not do this.

The task of the last stage is to restore the body's natural defenses. For this, the use of herbal preparations with an immunostimulating effect is recommended. These include: birch chaga, elderberries, celandine, burdock.

Khalisat Method

This method is based on the restoration of blood circulation of internal organs with the help of massage. Thus, the natural immunity of the body is strengthened and there is a chance of resorption of the tumor. Blood circulation is restored, including in the brain and bone marrow, which generally has a positive effect on the general well-being of the patient.

In combination with massage, various infusions, collections and decoctions of medicinal herbs are used, which cleanse and support the body. Dieting is also important - it is required to exclude fried, fatty smoked, mayonnaise, carbonated drinks and alcohol, as well as food containing nutritional supplements. At the same time, it is worth eating more vegetables and fruits, as well as giving preference to agricultural products of natural production.

Herbal preparations that help in cleansing the body, the author of this method recommends using at least once a year, both for patients and healthy people. Because the appearance of cancer, according to Khalisat, is promoted by the bad ecological situation that has developed on the planet now and the fact that the cleansing system of our body will not always be able to cope with the consequences of bad ecology on its own.

The next step is to inject 10 ml of thymalin twice a day for 5 days. Then a 5-day break is made, and the course is repeated, but already 1 time per day and lasts 10 days.

In parallel, you need to drink various cleansing herbal preparations based on dandelion, tartar, Ivan tea, calendula or immortelle. Also, collections from flowers of fireweed, swamp cudweed, celandine, yarrow will be useful.

In addition, it is worth doing compresses by applying chintz fabric soaked in 40% ichthyol ointment to the affected areas. It is unnecessary to wash the ointment, for the next compress it is enough just to apply a new portion. Such compresses should be alternated with lotions from Zimolyubka umbrella. The liquid for lotions is prepared as follows: pour 2 tablespoons with a glass of water, and boil for 5 minutes. The resulting broth is filtered and used.

Golyuk method

This method, like the previous one, is based on the use of medicinal plants. But only 5 main medicinal herbs are involved here. Most of the plants used in the method are poisonous, so it is very important to follow the recommended dosage exactly. The course of treatment according to the Golyuk method lasts three months.

So, for the treatment of cancer, the following plants will be required:

• Celandine;
• Eleutherococcus;
• Badan roots;
• Japanese Sophora;
• Mary's root.

The treatment regimen is as follows:

• Days 1, 2, 3 - take an infusion of bergenia;
• Day 4 - drink celandine infusion;
• Days 5, 6 - use the infusion of Japanese Sophora;
• Days 7, 8, 9 - drink tincture of Eleutherococcus.

Before ingestion, plants need preliminary preparation.

Badan roots are taken in the amount of 50 g, they are crushed and placed in an enamel bowl, all this is poured into 350 g of hot (about 60 degrees) water. The mixture is infused for 8 hours and stored in the refrigerator. Drink the finished infusion should be a tablespoon an hour before meals, three times a day.

Eleutherococcus roots need 100 g, they are crushed into pieces of about 1 cm, poured into a 0.7 liter bottle and poured with half a liter of ordinary vodka. The mixture is infused for 10 days in the dark, and then taken three times a day, 40 drops 40 minutes before meals.

Mary's root. This plant will also require only roots. 50 g of the crushed mixture is poured into a bottle of vodka and infused for 10 days. The recommended dose for taking is 30-40 drops half an hour before meals three times a day. It is advisable to dissolve the drops in a small amount of water.

Japanese Sophora. From it you need to take 200 g of fruits, cut them into slices and put them into a bottle with 0.5 liters of 56-degree alcohol. Let it brew for 10 days in the dark and cool. The tincture needs to be shaken occasionally. The drink is taken 40 minutes before meals, 35 drops 2 or 3 times a day. To prepare the next portion, rather old fruits are poured over 150 g of the same alcohol and insisted for 2 weeks. Then you can use it according to the described scheme.

Celandine. 12 g of dry chopped grass is taken and poured into a half-liter bottle of vodka. The mixture must be infused for 5 days. Ready infusion drink a tablespoon three times a day 40 minutes before meals.

If there are external tumors, then the described herbs are also used for compresses, lotions and rubbing. Japanese Sophora is rubbed into the affected area three times with an interval of three minutes. After half an hour, a lotion soaked in infusion of bergenia is applied to the same place, it must be kept for 60 minutes. After removing the lotion, the procedure with sophora is repeated.

Lebedev method

It is important that the first decoction of oats every day should be drunk in the morning, no later than at 10 o'clock. Helminths excreted from the body can provoke severe intoxication, which oatmeal helps to cope with. In each dose, half a glass is drunk, there should be at least 8 doses per day.

Cognac for therapy is suitable for any, even the cheapest, the main thing is to make sure that it does not contain preservatives and other harmful impurities.

Pain relief for oncology essential component complex treatment of a malignant tumor, which is designed not only to save the patient from suffering, but also to keep his vital activity as long as possible.

Every year, up to 7 million people die from oncopathology in the world, with this pain syndrome disturbing about a third of patients in the first stages of the disease and almost everyone in advanced cases. It is extremely difficult to deal with such pain for a number of reasons, however, even those patients whose days are numbered, and the prognosis is extremely disappointing, need adequate and proper anesthesia.

Painful sensations bring not only physical suffering, but also violate the psycho-emotional sphere. In cancer patients, against the background of pain, depression develops, suicidal thoughts appear, and even attempts to die. At the present stage of development of medicine, such a phenomenon is unacceptable, because in the arsenal of oncologists there are a lot of drugs, the correct and timely administration of which in adequate doses can eliminate pain and significantly improve the quality of life, bringing it closer to that of other people.

The difficulties of anesthesia in oncology are associated with a number of reasons:

• Pain is difficult to assess correctly, and some patients themselves cannot localize it or describe it correctly;
• Pain is a subjective concept, therefore its strength does not always correspond to what the patient describes - someone downplays it, others exaggerate it;
• Refusal of patients from anesthesia;
• Narcotic analgesics may not be available in sufficient quantities;
• The lack of special knowledge and a clear scheme for prescribing analgesics by oncology clinic doctors, as well as neglect of the prescribed patient regimen.

Patients with oncological processes are a special category of people, to whom the approach should be individual. It is important for the doctor to find out exactly where the pain comes from and the degree of its intensity, but due to the different pain threshold and subjective perception of negative symptoms, patients can evaluate the same pain in different ways.

According to current data, 9 out of 10 patients can completely get rid of pain or significantly reduce it with a well-chosen analgesic regimen, but for this, the doctor must correctly determine its source and strength. In practice, things often happen differently: obviously stronger drugs are prescribed than necessary at this stage of the pathology, patients do not comply with the hourly regimen of their intake and dosage.

Causes and mechanism of pain in cancer

Everyone knows that the main factor in the appearance of pain is the growing tumor itself, but there are other reasons that provoke and intensify it. Knowledge of the mechanisms of the pain syndrome is important for the doctor in the process of choosing a specific therapeutic regimen.

Pain in a cancer patient may be due to:

1. Actually a cancerous tumor that destroys tissues and organs;
2. Concomitant inflammation, provoking muscle spasm;
3. The operation performed (in the area of ​​remote education);
4. Concomitant pathology (arthritis, neuritis, neuralgia).

According to the degree of severity, weak, moderate, intense pains are distinguished, which the patient can describe as stabbing, burning, throbbing. In addition, the pain can be both intermittent and permanent. In the latter case, the risk of depressive disorders and the patient's desire to end his life is highest, while he really needs strength to fight the disease.

It is important to note that pain in oncology can have a different origin:

• Visceral - worries for a long time, localized in the abdominal cavity, but at the same time the patient himself finds it difficult to say what exactly hurts (pressure in the abdomen, fullness in the back);
• Somatic - in the structures of the musculoskeletal system (bones, ligaments, tendons), does not have a clear localization, continuously increases and, as a rule, characterizes the progression of the disease in the form of metastasis to bone tissue and parenchymal organs;
• Neuropathic - associated with the action of the tumor node on nerve fibers, may occur after radiation or surgical treatment as a result of nerve damage;
• Psychogenic - the most "complex" pain, which is associated with emotional experiences, fears, exaggeration of the severity of the condition on the part of the patient, it is not stopped by analgesics and is usually characteristic of people prone to self-hypnosis and emotional instability.

Given this versatility of the pain syndrome, it is easy to explain the lack of a universal pain reliever. When prescribing therapy, the doctor must take into account all possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the disorder, and the treatment regimen can combine not only medication support, but also the help of a psychotherapist or psychologist.

Scheme of pain therapy in oncology

To date, the three-stage pain treatment regimen has been recognized as the most effective and expedient, in which the transition to the next group of drugs is possible only if the previous one is ineffective at maximum dosages. Such a scheme was proposed by the World Health Organization in 1988, is used everywhere and is equally effective in lung, stomach, breast cancer, soft tissue or bone sarcomas, and many other malignant neoplasms.

Treatment of progressive pain begins with non-narcotic analgesics, gradually increasing their dose, then moving on to weak and potent opiates according to the scheme:

1. Non-narcotic analgesic (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug - NSAID) with adjuvant therapy (mild to moderate pain).
2. Non-narcotic analgesic, mild opiate + adjuvant therapy (moderate to severe pain).
3. Non-narcotic analgesics, a strong opioid, adjuvant therapy (with constant and severe pain in stage 3-4 cancer).

If the described sequence of anesthesia is followed, the effect can be achieved in 90% of cancer patients, while mild and moderate pain disappears completely without prescribing narcotic drugs, and severe pain is eliminated with opioid narcotic drugs.

Adjuvant therapy is the use of drugs with their own useful properties- antidepressants (imipramine), corticosteroid hormones, anti-nausea drugs and other symptomatic drugs. They are prescribed according to indications to certain groups of patients: antidepressants and anticonvulsants for depression, neuropathic pain mechanism, and for intracranial hypertension, bone pain, compression of nerves and spinal roots by a neoplastic process - dexamethasone, prednisolone.

Glucocorticosteroids have a strong anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, they increase appetite and improve the emotional background and activity, which is extremely important for cancer patients, and can be prescribed in parallel with analgesics. The use of antidepressants, anticonvulsants, hormones allows in many cases to reduce the dose of analgesics.

When prescribing treatment, the doctor must strictly observe its basic principles:

• The dosage of painkillers for oncology is selected individually based on the severity of pain, it is necessary to achieve its disappearance or an acceptable level in advanced cancer with the minimum possible amount of medication taken;
• The drugs are taken strictly on time, and not as the pain develops, that is, the next dose is administered before the previous one ceases to act;
• The dose of drugs is increased gradually, only if the maximum amount of the weaker drug is ineffective, the minimum dosage of the stronger one is prescribed;
• Preference should be given to dosage forms taken orally, used in the form of patches, suppositories, solutions, if ineffective, a transition to the injection route of administration of analgesics is possible.

The patient is informed that the prescribed treatment should be taken by the hour and in accordance with the multiplicity and dose indicated by the oncologist. If the drug stops working, then it is first changed to an analogue from the same group, and if it is ineffective, they switch to stronger analgesics. This approach avoids an unreasonably rapid transition to strong drugs, after the start of therapy with which it will no longer be possible to return to weaker ones.

The most common mistakes that lead to the ineffectiveness of the recognized treatment regimen are considered to be an unreasonably quick transition to stronger drugs, when the possibilities of the previous group have not yet been exhausted, prescribing too high doses, which makes the likelihood of side effects increase dramatically, while the pain is not stopped, and also non-compliance with the treatment regimen with skipping doses or increasing the intervals between doses of drugs.

I stage of analgesia

When pain occurs, non-narcotic analgesics are first prescribed - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic:

1. Paracetamol;
2. Aspirin;
3. ibuprofen, naproxen;
4. Indomethacin, diclofenac;
5. Piroxicam, movalis.

These agents block the production of prostaglandins that cause pain. A feature of their action is considered to be the cessation of the effect upon reaching the maximum allowable dose, they are prescribed independently for mild pain, and for moderate and severe pain syndrome - in combination with drugs. Anti-inflammatory drugs are especially effective in case of tumor metastasis to the bone tissue.

NSAIDs can be taken in the form of tablets, powders, suspensions, and injections in the form of painkillers. The route of administration is determined by the attending physician. Considering the negative effect of NSAIDs on the mucosa of the digestive tract during enteral use, patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer, for people over 65 years of age, it is advisable to use them under the cover of misoprostol or omeprazole.

The drugs described are sold in a pharmacy without a prescription, but you should not prescribe and take them yourself, without the advice of a doctor, due to possible side effects. In addition, with self-treatment, the strict analgesia regimen changes, medication can become uncontrolled, and in the future this will lead to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of therapy in general.

As monotherapy, pain treatment can be started with analgin, paracetamol, aspirin, piroxicam, meloxicam, etc. Combinations are possible - ibuprofen + naproxen + ketorolac or diclofenac + etodolac. Given the likely side effects, it is best to consume them after meals with milk.

Injection treatment is also possible, especially if there are contraindications to oral administration or a decrease in the effectiveness of tablets. So, analgesic injections may contain a mixture of analgin with diphenhydramine for mild pain, with insufficient effect, the antispasmodic papaverine is added, which is replaced by ketane in smokers.

Strengthening the effect can also give the addition of analgin and diphenhydramine ketorol. Bone pain is best eliminated by such NSAIDs as meloxicam, piroxicam, xefocam. Seduxen, tranquilizers, motilium, cerucal can be used as adjuvant treatment at the 1st stage of treatment.

II stage of treatment

When the effect of anesthesia is not achieved maximum doses the means described above, the oncologist decides on the transition to the second stage of treatment. At this stage, progressive pain is stopped by weak opioid analgesics - tramadol, codeine, promedol.

Tramadol is recognized as the most popular drug because of its ease of use, because it is available in tablets, capsules, suppositories, oral solution. It is characterized by good tolerance and relative safety even with prolonged use.

It is possible to prescribe combined drugs, which include non-narcotic painkillers (aspirin) and narcotic (codeine, oxycodone), but they have a final effective dose, upon reaching which further administration is inappropriate. Tramadol, like codeine, can be supplemented with anti-inflammatory agents (paracetamol, indomethacin).

Painkillers for cancer in the second stage of treatment are taken every 4-6 hours, depending on the intensity of the pain syndrome and the time that the drug works in a particular patient. It is unacceptable to change the frequency of taking medications and their dosage.

Pain injections in the second stage may contain tramadol and diphenhydramine (at the same time), tramadol and seduxen (in different syringes) under strict control of blood pressure.

III stage

A strong analgesic in oncology is indicated in advanced cases of the disease (stage 4 of cancer) and with the ineffectiveness of the first two steps of the analgesic regimen. The third stage includes the use of narcotic opioid drugs - morphine, fentanyl, buprenorphine, omnopon. These are centrally acting drugs that suppress the transmission of pain signals from the brain.

Narcotic analgesics have side effects, the most significant of which is addiction and a gradual weakening of the effect, requiring an increase in dose, so the need to move to the third stage is decided by a consultation of specialists. Only when it becomes known for sure that tramadol and other weaker opiates no longer work, the prescription of morphine is justified.

The preferred route of administration is by mouth, subcutaneously, into a vein, in the form of a patch. It is highly undesirable to use them in the muscle, since in this case the patient will experience severe pain from the injection itself, and active substance will be absorbed unevenly.

Narcotic painkillers can disrupt the functioning of the lungs, heart, and lead to hypotension, therefore, with their constant use, it is advisable to keep an antidote in the home medicine cabinet - naloxone, which, with the development of adverse reactions, will quickly help the patient return to normal.

One of the most prescribed drugs has long been morphine, the duration of the analgesic effect of which reaches 12 hours. The initial dose of 30 mg with an increase in pain and a decrease in efficiency is increased to 60, administering the drug twice a day. If the patient received painkillers injections and switches to oral treatment, then the amount of medication increases.

Buprenorphine is another narcotic analgesic that has less severe side effects than morphine. When applied under the tongue, the effect begins after a quarter of an hour and becomes maximum after 35 minutes. Buprenorphine lasts up to 8 hours, but you need to take it every 4-6 hours. When starting therapy with the drug, the oncologist will recommend bed rest for the first hour after taking a single dose of the drug. When taken in excess of the maximum daily dose at 3 mg, the effect of buprenorphine does not increase, which is always warned by the attending physician.

With constant pain of high intensity, the patient takes analgesics according to the prescribed scheme, without changing the dosage on his own and skipping the next medication. However, it happens that against the background of ongoing treatment, the pain suddenly increases, and then fast-acting drugs are indicated - fentanyl.

Fentanyl has several benefits:

• Speed ​​of action;
• Strong analgesic effect;
• Increasing the dose also increases efficiency, there is no "ceiling" of action.

Fentanyl can be injected or used as part of a patch. The analgesic patch works for 3 days, when fentanyl is slowly released and enters the bloodstream. The effect of the drug begins after 12 hours, but if the patch is not enough, then additional intravenous administration is possible until the effect of the patch is achieved. The dosage of fentanyl in the patch is selected individually based on the treatment already prescribed, but older cancer patients require less than younger patients.

The use of the patch is usually indicated in the third step of the analgesic regimen, and especially in violation of swallowing or problems with the veins. Some patients prefer the patch as a more convenient way to take the medication. Fentanyl has side effects, including constipation, nausea, and vomiting, but they are more pronounced with morphine.

In the process of dealing with pain, specialists can use a variety of ways to administer drugs, in addition to the usual intravenous and oral ones - blockade of nerves with anesthetics, conduction anesthesia of the neoplasia growth zone (on the limbs, pelvic structures, spine), epidural anesthesia with the installation of a permanent catheter, injection of drugs into myofascial intervals, neurosurgical operations.

Anesthesia at home is subject to the same requirements as in the clinic, but it is important to ensure constant monitoring of treatment and correction of doses and names of drugs. In other words, you can’t self-medicate at home, but you should strictly follow the oncologist’s prescriptions and make sure that the medicine is taken at the set time.

Folk remedies, although very popular, are still not able to stop the severe pain associated with tumors, although there are many prescriptions for acid treatment, fasting, and even poisonous herbs on the Internet, which is unacceptable for cancer. It is better for patients to trust their doctor and recognize the need drug treatment without wasting time and resources on a deliberately ineffective fight against pain.

Drugs for oncology - what is actually treated for cancer?

Oncological diseases occupy a significant proportion of all diseases. More than 10 million new cases per year are diagnosed worldwide. All countries are waiting for news from scientists about the invention of a miracle pill for cancer. Meanwhile, cancer death rates continue to rise. So what is the treatment for this disease?

Anticancer drugs for cancer

There are several ways to treat cancer. These are chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal, targeted therapies, and surgical interventions. The method is chosen depending on the type, stage of the disease, the location of the tumor, the patient's well-being, etc. Is there a cure for cancer? Antitumor metabolites are used for chemotherapy. The main goal when using them is to make sure that the growth of cancer cells stops, the tumor does not increase, and metastases do not appear. These are drugs such as:

Painkillers for oncology

Pain-relieving drugs for cancer are used to prevent negative effects on the physical and mental condition sick. Cancer pain is divided into two types: neuropathic and nociceptive. Pain medications are prescribed according to the type of pain. So, it is known that nociceptive pain subsides with the use of analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids. To get rid of neuropathic pain, antiepileptic drugs and tricyclic antidepressants are prescribed.

Strong painkillers for oncology are prescribed by a doctor when weaker ones no longer have the desired effect. This happens due to the rapid adaptation of the body to the means used. In such cases, a three-step scheme based on WHO recommendations is used. However, adjuvant drugs are taken. This scheme gives an analgesic effect in 90% of cases:

• non-narcotic analgesic;
• weak narcotic drug and non-narcotic analgesic;
• opiates of the morphine group and non-narcotic analgesic.

Getting rid of pain begins with the use of non-narcotic analgesics. This:

Adjuvant drugs are drugs that:

• give their positive effect (antidepressants, glucocorticoids, anti-inflammatory drugs);
• have a corrective effect on the side effects of narcotic analgesics (neuroleptics);
• enhance their analgesic effect (Clonidine, calcium antagonists).

Weak opiates include:

Stronger drugs for pain relief include:

• Prophydrochloride;
• Morphine;
• Buprenorphine;
• Fentanyl.

Antiemetics for oncology

Vomiting not only has an unpleasant character, but also quickly leads the body to dehydration, and the mucous membranes gastrointestinal tract receive mechanical damage. The manifestation of nausea and vomiting in cancer is a fairly common phenomenon. The reasons may be different:

• radiation therapy;
• chemotherapy;
• tumor and metastases in the brain;
• complications of a tumor of the gastrointestinal tract;
• kidney failure;
• metastases in the liver;
• intoxication;
• infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Before taking on the elimination unpleasant symptom by using medicines, it is necessary to establish the reasons. To do this, we study the drugs that the patient takes, and the data laboratory research. The causes of this symptom can be central and peripheral. With vomiting of the central mechanism, the following means are used:

• serotonin antagonists (blockers of 5 HTZ receptors - Ondansetron, Tropisetron, Granisetron, etc.), are most effective for intoxication;
• corticosteroids (Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone, Solumedrol);
• benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam).

Antiemetic drugs of peripheral action in oncology:

• atropine and other anticholinergic drugs (Platifillin and Metacin);
• antihistamines (Diphenhydramine, Suprastin);
• dopamine antagonists - phenothiazines (Etaperazine, Torekan, Aminazine) and butyrophenones (Droperidol, Haloperidol), metoclopramide (Cerukal).

Targeted drugs for cancer

Targeted therapy is an innovation in the fight against cancer. In another way, these drugs are also called "smart". They received such a name for the ability to act only on mutating cells, while healthy tissues and organs remain unchanged. Such an oncology medicine is prescribed to stop the growth of neoplasms, reduce doses of chemotherapy, and severe conditions patients. To date, about 10 drugs have been clinically tested and put into use, and about a hundred more are being tested and may soon also be used to treat cancer.

Immunostimulating drugs for oncology

There are many opinions about the use of immunomodulators in cancer. They began to be used in the 70s. Practice has shown that such means do not give an unambiguous effect. It can be positive and negative. Immunotherapy in oncology is used for several indications:

• after chemotherapy and irradiation for immuno- and hematological disorders (Tamerit, Polyoxidonium, Glutoxim, Galavit, Neovir, Cycloferon, Roncoleukin, Leukinferon, Likopid, Dekaris, Timalin, Timogen, Milife);
• after complex operations (Polyoxidonium, Leukinferon, Galavit, Imunofan, Roncoleukin Myelopid, Likopid);
• to correct disorders in the immune system (Polyoxidonium, Glutoxim, Leukinferon, Imunofan, Galavit);
• to influence the neoplasm itself (Roferon, Reaferon-EC, Intron-A, Leukocyte interferon for injection);
• for the prevention of metastases (Leukinferon, Neovir, Roncoleukin and Galavit), the effectiveness in this direction has not been proven.

Drugs to increase hemoglobin in oncology

Depending on the number of red blood cells, there are microcytic, macrocytic and normocytic anemia. Iron preparations for oncology are administered intravenously by injection along with erythropoietin preparations, which stimulate the production of red blood cells. In addition, to increase hemoglobin in cancer patients, the method of erythrocyte transfusion is used, when red blood cells obtained from a donor's blood are injected into the patient intravenously. Thus, the level of hemoglobin rises immediately.

New drugs in the treatment of cancer

Changes in the treatment of oncology, like any other area of ​​medicine, occur approximately every 10 years. From the latest developments, tumor biotherapy, targeted immunotherapy, the introduction of new surgical methods, as well as machines for gentle and targeted therapy. To develop new drug from cancer, it takes a long time. After all, after the invention, the drug goes through several phases of testing.

Spot drug for cancer

From the latest research - a new Russian drug for cancer, developed by pharmaceutical company BIOCAD, PD-1. From 2015 to 2016, animal trials were conducted. The results shown are superior to anything previously invented. This is the same targeted or so-called "point" drug that stops the development of the tumor. The second phase of testing is currently underway. It is planned that the drug will become available for use already in the years.

What types of cancer does the new drug fight?

A new anti-cancer drug, according to experts, is effective in such types of oncology as lung cancer, kidneys, head and neck, Bladder, melanoma. Manufacturers promise that even when the use is stopped, the action of the new drug will continue, which will give even the most severe patients a chance of recovery. And most importantly, the tool will be available to the Russians. Two similar drugs already in use are produced abroad and have a very high cost.

What medicines can not be taken with oncology?

When answering the question of which drugs are not allowed for oncology, it is worth remembering that some drugs can not only interfere with oncology treatment, but also aggravate the situation even more. For example, drugs that stimulate metabolism, vitamins and anticoagulants can cause tumor growth and metastases. Under the ban and hormonal drugs. the issue of taking iron-containing drugs remains controversial. They are easily digested and are not regulated by the body. Therefore, they can do more harm than good.

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Medicines for the treatment of lung cancer

In today's world, the number of patients with lung cancer is steadily increasing every year. This terrible disease does not spare anyone: neither the elderly nor children. In most cases, lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy, which targets harmful cells. For this, strong medications are used, taken both intravenously and in the form of tablets. Treatment is selected by the doctor individually for each patient.

The drugs prescribed for chemotherapy are prescribed both as a complex and one at a time, but at different stages of the disease, they are used in different combinations and are subjective for each case.

Drugs for the treatment of lung cancer

The most popular chemotherapy drugs for lung cancer are:

Gefinitib is a fairly well-known drug. Despite being widely advertised for its high efficacy rates, studies have shown that this drug does not increase survival. Recommendations for use are to avoid abrupt discontinuation.

Bevacizumab is used as an intravenous drug, it helps to stop the growth of cancer cells. Considered highly effective. When used together with drugs such as paclitaxel and carboplatin, it shows good results.

It is worth noting that vomiting drugs are also added to chemotherapy. The doctor selects the optimal treatment and the most gentle medications.

British scientists have been testing and developing for many years, thanks to which a new generation of drug has appeared. In fact, it is a hybrid of two drugs - Vandetanib and Selumetinib. The principle of their action is to block the nutrition of cancer cells. The absence of additional sources for growth and existence suppresses the viability of infected cells and contributes to their death. The drug is currently being tested in humans. For this, forty people with various stages of lung cancer were selected. At the moment, tests show only positive results.

ASD fraction 2

The drug ASD fraction 2 has recently become widely known. This is based on the results this remedy has shown in veterinary medicine when used in cancer patients.

To date, ASD fraction 2 does not have a license from the Ministry of Health for use in humans. However, there is a myth that ASD fraction 2 cured lung cancer in the mother of Lavrenty Beria.

ASD fraction 2 appeared in 1947, in the USSR. It was developed at the All-Union Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine. At the heart of the drug - subjected high temperature frog tissue, later replaced by meat and bone meal.

The developer was a scientist by the name of Dorogov, after whom the medicine was named: an antiseptic - Dorogov's stimulator (ASD). A special characteristic of the drug was its wound healing function.

In modern medicine, the drug ASD fraction 2 is made from animal tissues that have a long lifespan. The structure of the drug is similar to the structure of the cell, it easily penetrates tissues, maintains hormones at a certain level. In general, the effect of this drug on the body is positive.

The main advantage is the maintenance of the immune system, the fight against cancer cells, the restoration of the body's ability to resist the disease, the absence side effects. Application is possible both internally and externally.

Among the shortcomings - a strong unpleasant odor and the need to drink a large amount of liquid.

Any manipulations with ASD fraction 2 should be carried out exclusively under the supervision of a physician. The dosage is calculated individually for each patient, taking into account the age data, stage and nature of the cancer.

Do not forget that the drug does not have permission for use in the treatment of people, and the responsibility for its use lies strictly with the patient.

Dexamethasone for lung cancer

Dexamethasone in lung cancer, effective in reducing weakness. Sriram Yennurajalingam of the University of Texas conducted studies showing that there was a significant difference between placebo and dexamethasone.

The study involved 94 cancer patients of a certain category. They had more than three symptoms of decreased weakness in lung cancer, as well as a score of four out of ten on the Edmont Symptom Scale. The subjects were divided into two groups of 41 and 43 people.

The first group was given a placebo, and the second dexamethasone. The drug and placebo were used for two weeks. The results showed that the group in which the drug was used showed significantly higher results in improving the state of fatigue against the background of chronic diseases and improving the quality of life.

After two weeks, the level of physical condition in patients taking dexamethasone became markedly better than those taking placebo. These studies enable patients with lung cancer to beat the decline in cancer weakness.

Painkillers for oncology

One of the most serious companions of oncology is pain. It appears, as a rule, at the third or fourth stage of the development of the disease. Drugs for the treatment of lung cancer with an analgesic effect are aimed at prolonging the period of physical and mental activity of the patient. The cause of pain, most often lies in the growth of the tumor, but it can also be a side effect of the treatment. Properly selected pain reliever will quickly relieve pain.

The following painkillers are used for lung cancer, aimed at reducing pain:

• adjuvant agents in combination with a non-narcotic analgesic;
• adjuvant agents in combination with a non-narcotic analgesic and a weak opioid of the codeine group;
• adjuvant agents in combination with a non-narcotic analgesic and a strong opioid of the morphine group.

Non-narcotic analgesics are aimed at suppressing mild to moderate pain. Severe pain is blocked by narcotic analgesics.

Basic rules for taking drugs:

1. the medicine is prescribed by the doctor, based on the individual characteristics of the patient, as well as the strength of the pain;
2. taking drugs must be done after a strictly defined period of time, regardless of pain;
3. reception scale - from weak to strong;
4. the use of tablets, suppositories, drops.

Strict medication

The beginning of therapy involves the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, ibuprofen, piroxicam, etc. They block mild pain, and using them with narcotic drugs will help to cope with severe pain.

With an increase in pain syndrome, a weak opiate is introduced. For example, codeine. Sometimes I use a combination of codeine and aspirin. Severe pain is relieved by narcotic drugs such as morphine, buprenorphine, which act on the central nervous system. However, often such therapy does not bring results and the pain becomes unbearable. In this case, complex treatment with these drugs is carried out, and a scheme for replacing one drug with another is also applied.

So, in our time, lung cancer is one of the most dangerous oncological diseases. Hundreds of scientists around the world are working on the development of a drug that can cure a deadly disease. Lately, pharmaceuticals are increasingly using drugs that can prolong life, and, in other cases, cause remission of the disease.

The use of any drug should be carried out with the permission of the doctor in strict accordance with his recommendations for dosage, the same measure applies to the use of painkillers.

Video: a new generation cancer drug has been created

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Drugs for oncology

Any oncology is characterized by a loss of sensitivity of the affected cells to the regulatory signals of the body. This triggers their uncontrolled growth and reproduction. Drugs for oncology help to stop or slow down this process.

All drugs for cancer patients are divided into several groups:

• alkylating agents. These are drugs aimed at damaging the DNA of cancer cells to stop the process of their division.
• Antimetabolites. This group of drugs in oncology inhibits cellular metabolism and stops cell growth.
• Hormonal preparations. They are used only after surgical removal of the tumor to suppress the possible growth of the remaining cells,

sensitive to certain hormones. These are tumors such as: prostate cancer, breast tumors, lymphomas.

Pharmacy in Ufa offers a wide selection of such medicines. Here is a far from complete list of available drugs:

• Claudine. This drug creates a barrier to the formation of protein contacts in cells. The increased content of claudin in cancer cells allows it to be used as a target for other anticancer drugs. That is, other drugs affect cells selectively.
• Nimustine. This drug shows itself best in the treatment of brain tumors. Nimustine gives the greatest effect in combination with membrane agents such as reserpine, trifluoroperazine, etc.
• Asparaginase. This anticancer drug is mainly used to combat lymphoblastic leukemia.
• Thioguanine. It is effective in acute leukemia.

Some drugs for oncology patients receive free of charge.

There is an extensive list of drugs that are prohibited from taking in cancer. These include all drugs that can stimulate metabolic processes in the body as a whole and the affected organ in particular. Women are also prohibited from using contraceptives.

Also on the forbidden list were vitamins with anticoagulants, iron-containing drugs and drugs that stimulate regenerative processes.

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Drugs used in oncology

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Letrozole - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medication for treatment malignant tumors and breast cancer in women.

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Fluorouracil - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medicines for the treatment of skin cancer, stomach, intestines and other forms of oncology.

Used drugs for chemotherapy in oncology

It is chemotherapy in oncology that is the leading direction in prescribing a treatment course to patients by administering antitumor drugs of various groups. This is the main treatment or an addition to the key surgical method if the operation is successful.

Depending on the mechanism of action, all drugs for chemotherapy are classified into cytostatics, anticancer antibiotics, platinum, anthracyclines, taxanes, vincalkaloids, anthracyclines, alkylating agents, although the degree of effect on cellular processes and tumors is different.

The best drugs for chemotherapy

According to studies, the use of immunostimulants with a wide range effects on tumors in the body. Today, many effective chemotherapy drugs have been developed with the aim of:

• effects on the active phase of the G2 cell cycle;
• stimulation of DNA structures and mitotic proteins.

The most effective new generation chemotherapy drugs:

• alkylating agents (ifosfamide, melphalin, procarbazine, cyclophosafamine, busulfan, decarbazine) as powerful antitumor agents in the composition with nitrogenous and planin toxic compounds aimed at eliminating the suppression of tumors of any size and any type of cancer, in particular leukemia and negatively affecting charged particles in DNA molecules;
• antimetabolites (Antifolate, Metrotrachait, Fluorouracil, Thymidine, Gemcitabine, (Cytarabine) as analogues folic acid, applicable in the treatment of childhood leukemia, promote repair inhibition of DNA synthesis, improve the hematological level in the blood, introduce into metabolic processes, and create new DNA structures. Applicable in the treatment of cancer of the breast, head and neck, pancreas, stomach, anus, esophagus, colon;
• anthracyclines as powerful anticancer drugs (in particular Daunorubicin), leading to the formation of free oxygen radicals, inhibition of DNA synthesis synthesis, topoisomerase fermentation, DNA repair. Daunorubicin is toxic to the heart muscle, which must be taken into account by oncologists when prescribing the drug, as well as Bidarubicin, Epirubicin, Mitoxantrone;
• anticancer antibiotics (Bleomycin, Adriamycin, Methotrexate Vidarabine, Thymidine, Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine, Cladribine, Fluorouracil) as new generation drugs, but can lead to adverse reactions: severe intoxication in the gastrointestinal tract, convulsions, bone marrow suppression;
• vinca alkaloids (Tubulin, Vinorelbine, Vinblastine, Vincristine) as less toxic herbal preparations with periwinkle (leaf) extract to destroy cancer cells;
• platinum drugs, leading to the destruction of their DNA structures, suppression of functions and death of malignant cells. Chemotherapy is carried out and platinum as an active ingredient in the composition: Oxaliplatin, Carboplatin, Cisplatin can have the strongest platinum effect, but toxic damage to the renal structures, the development of neuropathy is possible;
• cytostatics with a combined effect (Dacarbazine, Procarbazine, Hydroxyurea, Capecitabine, Gemzar, Gemcitabine Fluorouracil 5), which contribute to the incorporation into the genetic apparatus of cancer cells, preventing their division;
• anthracyclines (Adriblastin, Rubomycin, Podophyllotoxin) to collect free radicals, topoisomerase inhibition, leading to the death of cancerous DNA cells and structures.

During therapy, topoisomerases2 can be included in the course for the purpose of embedding structures in DNA, exerting a suppressive effect on cancer cells and metastases, and stabilizing polymerase microtubules. All chemotherapy drugs are different in terms of the principle of action and the presence of side effects. When prescribing them, doctors first of all develop treatment protocols so as not to cause severe harm to the patient's body when they are administered.

What drugs will help to recover after chemotherapy

For the purpose of rehabilitation, patients are prescribed herbal remedies to restore the body, in particular the kidneys in case of damage, when the patient has signs of diarrhea, vomiting. Appointed:

• Uromitexan as a remedy for restoring blood composition in case of edema, infiltration and necrosis epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract;
• Filstim to restore microflora in the immune system after chemotherapy;
• Lactogon, Neurorubin, ascorbic acid, B vitamins, Laktovit forte;
• Gepadif, Glutargin, Karsil, Essentiale forte N for the restoration of liver cells, when toxic substances lead to a severe load on the liver, difficulty in the functions of hepatocytes, changes in blood parameters;
• cardiotonic to restore the affected cardiovascular system;
• Kvamatel, Nexium, Proxium to restore intestinal function.

Many patients after chemotherapy begin to suffer from depression, in particular duodenal depression, in the event of the release of a large amount of hormones into the duodenum, the development of an inflammatory process and imbalance of neuropeptides. In this case, non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants are prescribed.

It's no secret that even a single course of chemotherapy leads not only to side effects, but also adversely affects the body as a whole. The main task of doctors in the development of treatment for oncology is to have the maximum impact on cancer cells, reduce their degree of reproduction, and prevent the spread of metastases throughout the body.

It is the intake of chemotherapy drugs in the complex that will achieve stable remission, prevent tumor reproduction and metastasis, thereby prolonging the life of the patient. At the same time, drugs during chemotherapy are a severe blow to the immune system, many organs: the heart, kidneys, and liver. They kill not only pathological, but also healthy cells in the body. What to do? There is nothing else to prolong life, and this is the best antidote (in particular, platinum preparations) in the fight against tumor cells in the body today. So far, nothing better has been invented by oncologists.

Oncology drugs

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death in the world. Therefore, drugs for the treatment of oncology are in great demand. New drugs are constantly being developed and researched. With oncology medications used alone or as part of complex treatment.

What drugs are taken for oncology?

The challenges facing modern medicines are:

• Destroy cancer cells.
• Prevent the growth of new cells and slow down the development of old ones.
• Anesthetize.
• Improve the quality of life of the patient by removing unpleasant symptoms.

The drugs used in oncology are prescribed depending on the location and size of the tumor, its stage, age and condition of the patient. For a weakened body, potent drugs are not suitable. These cancer drugs can cause toxic shock and destroy the patient. They also give a lot of side effects.

According to the principle of action, cytotoxic and hormonal preparations with oncology. Hormones treat breast and pancreatic cancer, kidneys, carcinoids, melanomas and diseases of other organs. Hormone-dependent tumors are treated with androgenic, estrogenic, gestagenic and other means.

Modern methods of tumor treatment

New drugs for oncology are constantly appearing on the European market. In terms of effectiveness, many of them are already far ahead of surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, a modern drug for stomach cancer from the category of antimetabolites will help with cancer of the rectum or colon, liver and other organs. And the Italian Mehexia proved to be excellent in the treatment of breast cancer.

One of the newest technologies in the treatment of tumor diseases is targeted therapy in oncology. The drugs cause the death of cancer cells by blocking the access of oxygen to them and preventing the development of blood vessels in the affected tissues. The uniqueness of specific drugs is that they act only on tumor cells. Targeted drugs in oncology act much more sparingly than chemotherapy and radiation therapy. They can be used for patients even in serious condition.

According to one of the new theories, it is believed that antitumor resistance decreases with immune depression. As modern method treatments are used drugs that increase immunity in oncology. Immunotherapy involves the use of:

• Immunomodulators.
• Monoclonal antibodies and drugs based on them.
• cancer vaccines.

Immunity preparations for oncology began to be used in the 1970s. The latest research helps to determine the exact and adequate dosage of medications that support the patient. In Russia today, only about 40 immune preparations for oncology are allowed. Many effective European drugs, unfortunately, will not be included in this list for a very long time.