The result of a clinical blood test is a decoding table of the norm. Correctly decipher the blood test! Cholesterol is lowered: causes
A complete blood count is a simple and informative laboratory examination, the results of which can provide the necessary information for diagnosing many diseases, as well as assess their severity and follow the dynamics against the background of ongoing treatment.
The UAC includes the following indicators:
- hemoglobin
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes and leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and stab neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- platelets
- color index and hematocrit
- highly specific indicators
The decision on how extensive to prescribe a blood test is made by the attending physician, based on the goals of diagnosis and existing diseases.
Abbreviations in analysis printout
Very often printout results clinical analysis blood is presented as abbreviations for English language. Deciphering the abbreviations of the general blood test from English into Russian will help the average user to navigate the indicators and adequately evaluate the result of the laboratory analysis.
Here is what is included in a clinical blood test (in an abbreviated version in English):
- MCV (HCT/RBC)
- MCH (HGB/RBC)
- MCHC (HGB/HCT)
- LYM/Lymph(%, #)
- MXD(%,#)
- NEUT (NEU - %, #)
- MON(%,#)
- EO(%, #)
- BA (%, #)
- imm(%,#)
- ATL(%,#)
- GR(%,#)
- RDW (SD, CV)
- P-LCR
Printout of a clinical blood test
The use of such abbreviations in the UAC is convenient and practical: it does not take up much space in the printout of the analysis and complies with international standards for the designation of blood parameters. Hematologists and therapists can decipher them without much difficulty, and for highly specialized doctors and patients, a memo of designations for each indicator is useful.
Explanation of abbreviations
WBC
Deciphering WBC in the general blood test - white blood cells, which in English means white blood cells. So in the blood test, leukocytes are indicated, which under the microscope look exactly in the form of white cells. Unit of measurement - 10 9 / l.
- (table)
RBC
Deciphering RBC in a blood test - red blood cells(red blood cells). In laboratory analysis, erythrocytes are designated as such. Unit of measurement - 10 12 /l
- (table)
HGB
HGB is an abbreviated version of the English word Hemoglobin. So in the printout of a blood test, hemoglobin is indicated. The unit of measure is g/l (g/l), g/dl (g/dl).
HCT
HCT stands for Hematocrit(hematocrit).
PLT
PLT means Platelets(blood plates). So platelets are encrypted in the printout of a clinical blood test.
MCV
MCV is short for Mean Corpuscular Volume, which means the average volume of an erythrocyte. It is measured in microns 3 or femtoliters (fl).
As can be seen from the table, the MCV norm in the general blood test does not differ much for adults and children of all ages, with the exception of newborns. Their erythrocyte volume is much larger, which is associated with a high content of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in their structure.
The name of erythrocytes depending on the size:
- Norma - normocyte
- More than normal - macrocyte
- Less than normal - microcyte
MCH
The abbreviation MCH stands for − mean corpuscular hemoglobin. It is translated as the average amount of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. It is measured in picograms (pg).
MCH is an analogue, only not in relative numbers, but in picograms.
MCHC
MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. The difference between this indicator and total hemoglobin in a blood test is that MCHC takes into account the volume of only red blood cells, and the total hemoglobin level is determined based on the volume of all blood (cells + plasma).
As can be seen from the table, the MCHC norm in the analysis does not change much with age.
MPV
MPV is short for mean platelet volume. It stands for Mean Platelet Volume. Platelets are in the bloodstream for a short time and as they "grow up" decrease in size, so determining their volume (MPV) helps determine the degree of maturity of platelets in the blood. The unit of measure for MPV is the femtoliter (fl), which is equal to µm 2 .
The MPV norm is when the volume of 83-90% of platelets corresponds to the age norm indicated in the table and only 10-17% of large and small (immature and old).
PDW
Deciphering PDW in a blood test - platelet distribution width. The contraction means the relative width of the distribution of platelets by volume.
The PDW norm is 10-17%. This figure means what percentage of the total number of platelets differs in volume from the mean value (MPV).
PCT
PCT is the full name in English platelet crit. Translated as thrombocrit. The indicator means how much platelets occupy in relation to the volume of whole blood.
The PCT norm in analyzes in children and adults is 0.15-0.4%.
LYM
LYM or Lymph in UAC stands for - lymphocyte. So in the blood test, lymphocytes are abbreviated. There can be 2 indicators in the printout:
- LYM% (LY%) - relative content of lymphocytes
- LYM# (LY#) — absolute content of lymphocytes
MXD (MID)
The abbreviation MXD stands for mixed. An indicator of a mixture of varieties of leukocytes: monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. In the results of the general analysis can be in 2 versions:
- MXD% (MID%) - relative content of cells
- MXD# (MID#) - absolute cell content
Norm MXD: relative to all leukocytes - 5-10%, in absolute terms - 0.25-0.9 * 10 9 / l.
NEUT
NEUT is short for neutrophils. This indicator in the general analysis means blood neutrophils. It is determined in the analysis in 2 versions:
- NEUT% (NEU%) - relative content of neutrophils
- NEUT# (NEU#) - absolute neutrophil count
MON
MON is short for Monocyte. So in the UAC, monocytes are indicated, the indicator of which in the analysis printout can be of 2 types:
- MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
- MON# (MO#) — absolute number of monocytes
EO
You can decipher EO from a complete blood count as Eosinophils, which means eosinophils in English. In the results of clinical analysis, there can be 2 of its indicators:
- EO% - relative content of eosinophils
- EO# - absolute content of eosinophils
BA
BA - Basophils (basophils)
- BA% - relative content of basophils
- BA# - absolute content of basophils
IMM
The abbreviation IMM stands for immature granulocytes.
- IMM% - relative content of immature granulocytes
- IMM# - absolute content of immature granulocytes
ATL
ATL is the designation for atypical lymphocytes.
- ATL% - relative content of atypical lymphocytes
- ATL# - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes
GR
GR is the number of granulocytes in the blood. Granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.
- GR% - relative content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 50-80%
- GR# - absolute content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 2.2-8.8 * 10 9 / l
HCT/RBC
The HCT/RBC ratio means the average volume of erythrocytes. Same as MCV (see above)
HGB/RBC
HGB / RBC - this indicator determines the average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. Same as MCH (see above).
HGB/HCT
HGB/HCT - average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Same as MCHC (see above)
RDW
RDW - distribution width of erythrocytes in%. Shows in what percentage of erythrocytes the sizes differ from the norm (7-8 microns). The more microcytes in the blood (size<7 мкм) и макроцитов (размер >8 µm), the higher the RDW.
- Norm RDW in adults - 11.5-14.5%
- The norm in newborns (up to 1 month) - 14.9-18.7%
In children older than 1 month, the RDW norm practically does not differ from adults. In newborns, the rate is much higher, because. in their blood there is still a large amount of fetal (fetal) hemoglobin, which affects the size of red blood cells.
An excess of RDW above the indicated values is erythrocyte anisocytosis.
RDW-SD
RDW-SD is a measure of the size gap between the smallest microcyte and the largest macrocyte.
RDW-CV
RDW-CV - percentage distribution of erythrocytes by size: % microcytes, % normocytes and % macrocytes.
P-LCR
P-LCR - large platelet ratio
ESR
ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which translates from English as erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The Russian abbreviation for this value is SOE (in old forms it can be designated ROE).
The presence of a transcript of a complete blood count from English transcription into Russian will be useful not only to the patient, but also to doctors of various profiles, because. in everyday practice, it is extremely rare to encounter the whole variety of possible indicators of the KLA.
General blood analysis, perhaps the most common analysis that doctors prescribe in order to correctly diagnose and conduct a study of the patient's health status. But what comes in the answer does not tell the patient anything, in order to understand what all these numbers mean, we provide you interpretation of blood test values.
The general blood test is divided into:
- Blood chemistry;
- Immunological blood test;
- Hormonal blood test;
- Serological blood tests.
Deciphering the blood test:
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notation, cuts |
Normal values - general analysis blood | ||||||||
| children aged | adults | ||||||||
| 1 day | 1 month | 6 months | 12 months | 1-6 years old | 7-12 years old | 13-15 years old | man | woman | |
| Hemoglobin Hb, g/l |
180-240 | 115-175 | 110-140 | 110-135 | 110-140 | 110-145 | 115-150 | 130-160 | 120-140 |
| red blood cells RBC |
4,3-7,6 | 3,8-5,6 | 3,5-4,8 | 3,6-4,9 | 3,5-4,5 | 3,5-4,7 | 3,6-5,1 | 4-5,1 | 3,7-4,7 |
| color index MCHC, % |
0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 |
| Reticulocytes RTC |
3-51 | 3-15 | 3-15 | 3-15 | 3-12 | 3-12 | 2-11 | 0,2-1,2 | 0,2-1,2 |
| platelets PLT |
180-490 | 180-400 | 180-400 | 180-400 | 160-390 | 160-380 | 160-360 | 180-320 | 180-320 |
| ESR ESR |
2-4 | 4-8 | 4-10 | 4-12 | 4-12 | 4-12 | 4-15 | 1-10 | 2-15 |
| Leukocytes WBC, % |
8,5-24,5 | 6,5-13,8 | 5,5-12,5 | 6-12 | 5-12 | 4,5-10 | 4,3-9,5 | 4-9 | 4-9 |
| Stab, % | 1-17 | 0,5-4 | 0,5-4 | 0,5-4 | 0,5-5 | 0,5-5 | 0,5-6 | 1-6 | 1-6 |
| Segmented, % | 45-80 | 15-45 | 15-45 | 15-45 | 25-60 | 35-65 | 40-65 | 47-72 | 47-72 |
| Eosinophils EOS, % |
0,5-6 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-6 | 0-5 | 0-5 |
| Basophils BAS, % |
0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 |
| Lymphocytes LYM, % |
12-36 | 40-76 | 42-74 | 38-72 | 26-60 | 24-54 | 25-50 | 18-40 | 18-40 |
| Monocytes MON, % |
2-12 | 2-12 | 2-12 | 2-12 | 2-10 | 2-10 | 2-10 | 2-9 | 2-9 |
Now more about the main indicators of the general blood test.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the blood pigment of red blood cells. Its function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
Hemoglobin increase:
- staying at high altitudes
- polycythemia (an increase in red blood cells)
- dehydration and blood clots
Decreased hemoglobin:
- anemia
color indicator
The color indicator shows the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. This indicator is important in the diagnosis of anemia.
Color Enhancement:
- spherocytosis
Decrease in color index:
- Iron-deficiency anemia
red blood cells
Erythrocytes are red blood cells that form in the red bone marrow. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.
Erythrocyte increase:
- dehydration
- polycythemia
Decrease in red blood cells:
- anemia
Leukocytes
White blood cells. Produced in red bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. In other words, it is immunity.
There are different types of leukocytes, so a change in the number of individual types, and not all leukocytes in general, is of diagnostic importance.
Increase in leukocytes:
- infection, inflammation
- allergy
- leukemia
- condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis
Decrease in leukocytes:
- bone marrow pathology
- infections (influenza, rubella, measles, etc.)
- genetic abnormalities of the immune system
- increased spleen function
Leukocyte formula
The percentage of different types of leukocytes. Neutrophils: cells responsible for inflammation, fighting infection (except for viral ones), non-specific defense (immunity), removal of own dead cells. Mature neutrophils have a segmented nucleus, while young ones have a rod-shaped nucleus.
Increase in leukocyte formula:
- intoxication
- infections
- inflammatory process
- malignant tumors
- psycho-emotional arousal
Decreased leukocyte formula:
- aplastic anemia, bone marrow pathology
- genetic disorders of the immune system
- some infections (viral, chronic)
Eosinophils
Decreased eosinophils:
- purulent infections
- surgical intervention
Basophils
Going into the tissues, basophils turn into mast cells, which are responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.
Increase in basophils:
- chicken pox
- hypersensitivity reactions
- chronic sinusitis
- hypothyroidism
Decrease in basophils:
- pregnancy
- ovulation
- acute infections
- hyperthyroidism
- stress
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are the main cells immune system human body. They fight viral infections, destroy foreign cells and altered own cells, secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - substances that block antigen molecules and remove them from the body.
Increase in lymphocytes:
- lymphocytic leukemia
- viral infections
Decreased lymphocytes:
- lymph loss
- aplastic anemia
- acute infections (non-viral) and diseases
- immunodeficiency states
- systemic lupus erythematosus
Monocytes
Monocytes are the largest leukocytes. They finally destroy foreign cells and proteins, foci of inflammation, destroyed tissues. Monocytes are the most important cells of the immune system, it is monocytes that are the first to meet the antigen and present it to lymphocytes for the development of a full-fledged immune response.
Increase in monocytes:
- leukemia
- tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis
- infections (viral, fungal, protozoal)
- systemic diseases connective tissue(arthritis, periarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus)
Decreased monocytes:
- hairy cell leukemia
- aplastic anemia
ESR
ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate during blood sedimentation. The level of ESR depends directly on the number of red blood cells, their "weight" and shape, as well as on the properties of blood plasma - the amount of proteins, as well as viscosity.
ESR increase:
- inflammatory process
- infections
- anemia
- malignant tumors
- pregnancy
Reticulocytes
Reticulocytes are young forms of red blood cells. Normally, they should be in the bone marrow. Their excess blood output indicates an increased rate of red blood cell formation.
Increase in reticulocytes:
- increased formation of red blood cells in anemia (with blood loss, iron deficiency, hemolytic)
Decrease in reticulocytes:
- kidney disease
- violations of the maturation of red blood cells (B12-folic deficiency anemia)
- aplastic anemia
platelets
Platelets are platelets that form from giant cells in the bone marrow. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
Increase in platelets:
- inflammatory process
- myeloid leukemia
- polycythemia
- condition after surgery
Decrease in platelets:
- aplastic anemia
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- thrombocytopenic purpura
- hemolytic disease, isoimmunization by blood groups, Rh factor
- hemolytic anemia
However, it is worth remembering that only a doctor can correctly diagnose and interpret the tests. All of the above is only for orientation, but not for self-diagnosis.
This article is written using specialized medical literature. All material used was analyzed and presented in an easy to understand language with minimal use of medical terms. The purpose of this article was an accessible explanation of the values of the general blood test, the interpretation of its results.
In case you have detected an abnormality in the general blood test and want to know more about possible reasons, then click on the selected blood indicator in the table - this will allow you to go to the selected section.
The article provides detailed information on the norms of cellular elements for each age. Deciphering a blood test in children requires special attention. Normal blood counts in children depend on age - therefore, accurate information about the child's age is necessary to interpret the results of a blood test. You can learn about age norms from the tables below - separate for each indicator of a blood test.
All of us at least once in a lifetime passed a general blood test. And each person faced a misunderstanding of what is written on the form, what do all these numbers mean? How to understand why this or that indicator is increased or decreased? What could increase or decrease, for example, lymphocytes? Let's take everything in order.
General blood test norms
| Analysis indicator | Norm |
| Hemoglobin | Men: 130-170 g/l |
| Women: 120-150 g/l | |
| RBC count | Men: 4.0-5.0 10 12 / l |
| Women: 3.5-4.7 10 12 / l | |
| White blood cell count | Within 4.0-9.0x10 9 / l |
| Hematocrit (the ratio of the volume of plasma and cellular elements of the blood) | Men: 42-50% |
| Women: 38-47% | |
| Average erythrocyte volume | Within 86-98 µm 3 |
| Leukocyte formula | Neutrophils:
Monocytes: 3-11% Eosinophils: 0.5-5% Basophils: 0-1% |
| Platelet count | Within 180-320 10 9 /l |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | Men: 3 - 10 mm/h |
| Women: 5 - 15 mm/h |
Hemoglobin
| Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein containing an iron atom, which is able to attach and carry oxygen. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin is measured in grams/liter (g/l). Determining the amount of hemoglobin is very important, since when its level decreases, the tissues and organs of the whole body experience a lack of oxygen. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Causes of an increase in hemoglobin
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Low hemoglobin - causes
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RBC count
| red blood cells are small red blood cells. These are the most numerous blood cells. Their main function is to carry oxygen and deliver it to organs and tissues. Erythrocytes are presented in the form of biconcave discs. The erythrocyte contains a large number of hemoglobin - the main volume of the red disk is occupied by it. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Causes of a decrease in the level of red blood cellsA decrease in the number of red blood cells is called anemia. There are many reasons for the development of this condition, and they are not always associated with the hematopoietic system.
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Causes of an increase in the number of red blood cells
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| What to do if red blood cells are elevated? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total white blood cell count
| Leukocytes These are the living cells of our body that circulate with the bloodstream. These cells exercise immune control. In the event of an infection, damage to the body by toxic or other foreign bodies or substances these cells struggle with damaging factors. The formation of leukocytes occurs in the red bone marrow and in the lymph nodes. Leukocytes are divided into several types: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. Different types of leukocytes differ from each other appearance and functions performed during the immune response. | |
Causes of an increase in leukocytesPhysiological increase in the level of leukocytes
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Causes of a decrease in leukocytes
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Hematocrit
| Hematocrit- this is the percentage ratio of the volume of the studied blood to the volume occupied by erythrocytes in it. This indicator is calculated as a percentage. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Causes of an increase in hematocrit
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Causes of a decrease in hematocrit
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MCH, MCHC, MCV, color index (CPU)- norm
Color Index (CPU)- this is a classic method for determining the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. At present, it is being gradually replaced by the MSI index in blood tests. These indices reflect the same thing, only they are expressed in different units.
Leukocyte formula
The leukocyte formula is an indicator of the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood of their total number of leukocytes in the blood (this indicator is discussed in the previous section of the article). The percentage of different types of leukocytes in infectious, blood diseases, oncological processes will change. Due to this laboratory symptom, the doctor may suspect the cause of health problems.Types of leukocytes, norm
| Neutrophils | Segmented forms 47-72% |
| Band forms 1-6% | |
| Eosinophils | 0,5-5% |
| Basophils | 0-1% |
| Monocytes | 3-11% |
| Lymphocytes | 19-37% |
In order to find out the age norm, click on the name of the leukocyte from the table.
Neutrophils
| Neutrophils there can be two types - mature forms, which are also called segmented immature - stab. Normally, the number of stab neutrophils is minimal (1-3% of the total). With the "mobilization" of the immune system, there is a sharp increase (by several times) in the number of immature forms of neutrophils (stab). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| An increase in the level of neutrophils in the blood - this condition is called neutrophilia. Causes of an increase in the level of neutrophils
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| Decreased neutrophil levels - a condition called neutropenia Causes of a decrease in the level of neutrophils
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What is the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left and to the right?Shift of the leukocyte formula to the left means that young, "immature" neutrophils appear in the blood, which are normally present only in the bone marrow, but not in the blood. A similar phenomenon is observed in mild and severe infectious and inflammatory processes (for example, with tonsillitis, malaria, appendicitis), as well as in acute blood loss, diphtheria, pneumonia, scarlet fever, typhus, sepsis, intoxication.Shift of the leukocyte formula to the right means that the number of “old” neutrophils (segmentonuclear) increases in the blood, and the number of nuclear segments becomes more than five. Such a picture occurs in healthy people living in areas contaminated with radioactive waste. It is also possible in the presence of B 12 - deficiency anemia, with a lack of folic acid, in people with chronic disease lungs, or with obstructive bronchitis. |
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Eosinophils
| Eosinophils- This is one of the types of leukocytes that are involved in cleansing the body of toxic substances, parasites, and is involved in the fight against cancer cells. This type of leukocyte is involved in the formation of humoral immunity (immunity associated with antibodies) | |
Causes of an increase in blood eosinophils
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Causes of a decrease in eosinophils
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Monocytes
| Monocytes- few, but largest in size, immune cells of the body. These leukocytes are involved in the recognition of foreign substances and the training of other leukocytes to recognize them. They can migrate from the blood to the tissues of the body. Outside the bloodstream, monocytes change their shape and transform into macrophages. Macrophages can actively migrate to the focus of inflammation in order to take part in the cleansing of the inflamed tissue from dead cells, leukocytes, and bacteria. Thanks to this work of macrophages, all conditions are created for the restoration of damaged tissues. | |
Causes of an increase in monocytes (monocytosis)
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Causes of a decrease in monocytes (monocytopenia)
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Basophils
Causes of increased blood basophils
- decreased thyroid hormone levels hypothyroidism
- chicken pox
- food and drug allergies
- condition after removal of the spleen
- treatment hormonal drugs(estrogens, drugs that reduce the activity of the thyroid gland)
Lymphocytes
| Lymphocytes- the second largest fraction of leukocytes. Lymphocytes play a key role in humoral (through antibodies) and cellular (implemented by direct contact of the destroyed cell and lymphocyte) immunity. Different types of lymphocytes circulate in the blood - helpers, suppressors and killers. Each type of leukocyte is involved in the formation of the immune response at a certain stage. | |
Causes of an increase in lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)
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Causes of a decrease in lymphocytes (lymphopenia)
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platelets
Causes of an increase in platelets
(thrombocytosis, platelet count over 320x10 9 cells/l)- splenectomy
- inflammatory processes (exacerbation of rheumatism,
A complete blood count, or as it is also called KLA for short, is one of the basic studies that allows you to detect pathologies on initial stage development. Often the absence of external manifestations is not a guarantee of absolute health. Only a blood test will allow you to determine your condition with maximum accuracy.
Deciphering the analysis of the KLA is the key to the timely diagnosis of the disease and the appointment of effective therapy. It is quite difficult for people who are far from medicine and various frightening terms to understand what their analysis means: is everything okay or is it worth sounding the alarm. If it’s still a long time before going to the doctor, and you have a transcript of the analysis on hand, try to interpret it yourself using our recommendation article.
Briefly about the analysis
Often the analysis of the KLA is called the simplest. Of course, there is truth in this, but do not forget that for all its apparent simplicity, this analysis is the most informative and covers the following “blood” parameters:
- RBC count
- Hemoglobin level
- ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
- Leukocytes and leukocyte formula
- Hematocrit
- platelets
- Biomaterial color
- Lymphocytes
Each of these parameters is responsible for a particular function of the body, any failure in the system immediately affects the quality of the blood.
Of the vast range of studies, this analysis does not require careful and rigorous preparation. It is enough, if possible, to donate blood on an empty stomach, provided that you are not an infant or a pregnant woman.
Blood for analysis is taken from a finger, and therefore there can be no talk of any serious blood loss.
Well, the best part is that you don't have to painfully wait for the results for several days. They are often ready by the evening of the day you visit the lab.
It remains only to correctly decipher the results and you can sleep peacefully.
Remember that you can only approximate whether your data complies with medical standards. Do not self-diagnose yourself, and even more so prescribe treatment. Only your doctor can clearly and competently interpret the results of the study.
As a rule, the doctor pays attention only to some indicators. If something else bothers him, most likely, the patient will be sent for an additional examination.
A clinical blood test is included in the list of mandatory studies assigned to the patient at the first sign of malaise.
What do your scores mean
A few years ago, the results were a form in which all your parameters were entered by the hand of a laboratory assistant. Today, in medicine, almost everything is automated, so you will receive the answer in the form of a large printout. It will show your values and reference values. This will help you quickly determine how normal your tests are.
In such printouts, all indicators are indicated by terms in English. For example, the number of erythrocytes is RBC. We offer you interpretations with the analysis of each serum component separately.
RBC rate (RBC)
Erythrocytes are red blood cells that transport hemoglobin. Any disruption in the work of these uniform elements may indicate anemia. Red blood cells remove carbon dioxide from the tissues, which is then removed through the lungs.
Erythrocytes are always at the head of such a blood test as a KLA. This is due to the fact that these cells perform many other functions besides those listed above. If the qualitative or quantitative composition of red blood cells is disturbed, hemoglobin automatically falls.
Table 1
In children, the indicators of erythrocytes in the blood are somewhat different than in adults.
Hemoglobin (HGB): function and norm
What is hemoglobin, perhaps everyone knows. A very active protein that is responsible for transporting oxygen. When the level of hemoglobin in the body is disturbed, anemia occurs, which is fraught with serious consequences. And here elevated level hemoglobin may be a sign of dehydration or the number of red blood cells is much higher than normal.
The table below shows the average medical values of hemoglobin levels in the blood of people of different ages.
Any deviation from the norm regarding hemoglobin requires additional control. For this, an additional examination is prescribed to study the causes of a decrease or increase in hemoglobin levels.
Platelets (PLT)
Tests such as CBCs focus on platelets. This is exactly the indicator that the doctor pays close attention to.
We have repeatedly said that platelets are blood cells in the form of oblong plates that are responsible for blood clotting. Changes in the performance of these whey components are alarming.
Elevated platelet levels may be a symptom of myelogenous leukemia, severe inflammation, or a postoperative period.
In men and women, the rate of platelets in the blood is the same.
Leukocytes (WBC) and leukocyte formula
These white blood cells are considered the body's defense against harmful viruses and bacteria. It is the elevated level of leukocytes in the blood that is the first sign of a progressive inflammatory process. The sooner it is detected, the sooner action will be taken.
Numerous studies of leukocytes and their properties have shown that the main reasons for the increase and decrease in the level of leukocytes are:
- anemia
- lymph loss;
- viral infections.
table 2
Leukocytes act as litmus paper: as soon as the virus enters the body, white cells immediately react to the enemy.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
This indicator directly depends on the age and gender of the patient. It is by ESR that the doctor determines the presence of any pathological abnormalities.
- In men, the norm does not go beyond 2-19 mm / h
- In women - 2-15 mm / h
The norm in children is somewhat different from the "adult" indicators.
An increase in ESR may be due to the following factors:
- inflammatory processes
- infectious diseases
- manifestation of anemia
- malignant neoplasms
At the same time, an increased level of erythrocyte sedimentation is considered quite normal in pregnant women.
Not only erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes show the real state of the body. For example, the color indicator is considered the leading one in determining hypochromia, otherwise iron deficiency anemia.
In the table below, you can see all the parameters combined together.
Modern technologies
Today, the medical industry is widely developed in terms of technology and "computing". Newfangled blood analyzers examine your biomaterial with maximum accuracy and give the perfect transcript.
More and more sites are offering a service called "online transcription". To do this, you will just need to enter the Internet, type the necessary request and follow the instructions of the selected site.
Only at the same time it is important to understand that a qualified specialist will best cope with this painstaking work, to whom you will soon go for an appointment. In the meantime, there is time before the visit, and the excitement eats up from the inside, drive your parameters into the online program and get a preliminary diagnosis in your hands.
In any case, you should never lose your composure and calmness. Even if your results are far from ideal, the doctor will prescribe a second examination and select the necessary therapy.
Be healthy and take a general blood test for prevention in a timely manner. After all, it is always easier to cure a small disease than its big brother.
In almost any pathology, certain changes in both the cellular and biochemical composition occur in the blood. For example, in patients with atherosclerosis, cholesterol levels increase, and in anemia, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration decrease, which can be detected using laboratory tests.
A general (clinical) detailed blood test is one of the simplest and most inexpensive, and at the same time informative methods of laboratory diagnostics. It must be included in the program of basic examination of patients with various diseases, and also performed for adults and children during medical examination.
Other factors can also affect the parameters of a general blood test, so only a specialist can make a correct decoding.
What indicators include a general detailed blood test?
When conducting a preventive examination, patients are usually prescribed the so-called reduced clinical blood test, which includes counting the number of red blood cells and white blood cells, determining the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If it reveals any deviations from the norm, as well as when examining patients with various diseases a detailed blood test is shown, which includes about 30 different parameters. Most often it is prescribed in the following cases:
- diagnosis of anemia;
- suspicion of leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis;
- pregnancy;
- inflammatory processes;
- autoimmune diseases;
- evaluation of the effectiveness of the therapy.
Consider what is included in a clinical detailed blood test.
WBC
WBC - absolute number of leukocytes. Leukocytes are responsible for the recognition and destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as cells with a disrupted genome (tumor). Normally, the content of leukocytes in the blood is 4–9x10 9 / l. Their increase means the presence in the body of a focus of inflammation or malignant neoplasm, and a decrease indicates a decrease in immune defense.
RBC
RBC is the absolute number of erythrocytes. Their main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all organs and tissues of the body. The normal content of erythrocytes is 4.3–5.5x10 12 / l. A decrease in their number occurs with bleeding, anemia, bone marrow lesions. An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood leads to a thickening of the blood caused by various reasons(uncontrollable vomiting, polyuria, diarrhea, massive burns) or genetically determined disorders of hemoglobin synthesis.
In children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults, this is their age feature and norm.
Hb
Hb - hemoglobin. This is a special protein located inside red blood cells and containing iron molecules in its structure. It has the ability to easily attach oxygen to itself and give it to tissues. Hemoglobin is colored red by iron, it is thanks to it that red blood cells have a red color and all blood as a whole looks red. Normally, the hemoglobin content is 120–140 g/l. A decrease in its concentration is observed in various types of anemia.
HCT
HCT (Ht) - hematocrit. This is the ratio between blood cells and plasma volume, expressed as a percentage. The hematocrit norm is 39–49%. This means that the blood consists of 60-50% of the plasma, the rest of the volume is occupied by cells.
PLT
PLT, platelets. These are platelets that are directly involved in the process of hemostasis, that is, the formation of a blood clot and stop bleeding. The norm of their content is 150–400x10 9 / l.
ESR
ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR. An increase in this indicator is observed in many pathological processes, but may not be associated with the disease. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy or pregnancy leads to an increase in ESR.
Erythrocyte indices
- Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV). The normal value is 80–95 fl. Previously, the terms "macrocytosis", "normocytosis" and "microcytosis" were used to refer to this indicator.
- The average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte expressed in absolute units (MCH). The norm is 27–31 pg. Previously, this index was called the color indicator of blood.
- Mean concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocyte mass (MCHC). Shows how erythrocytes are saturated with hemoglobin. Its decrease is observed in blood diseases associated with violations of the process of hemoglobin synthesis.
- Anisocytosis or RBC Distribution Width (RDW). A measure of uniformity in the size of red blood cells.
Different laboratories may adopt different standards, depending on the methods of examination and units of measurement adopted.
Platelet indices
- Mean platelet volume (MPV). Norm 7–10 fl.
- Distribution width (relative) of platelets by volume (PDW). Allows you to evaluate the heterogeneity of platelets, that is, their difference in size.
- Thrombocrit (PCT). The volume of whole blood per platelet and expressed as a percentage. The normal value is 0.108–0.282%.
- Large Platelet Ratio (P-LCR).
Leukocyte indices
- Relative content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY%, LYM%). The norm is 25–40%.
- Absolute content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY#, LYM#). Norm 1.2–3.0x10 9 / l.
- Relative blood levels of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (MID%, MXD%). The norm is 5–10%.
- Absolute blood levels of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (MID#, MXD#). Norm 0.2–0.8x10 9 / l.
- Relative content of neutrophils (NE%, NEUT%).
- Absolute content of neutrophils (NE#, NEUT#).
- Relative content of monocytes (MO%, MON%). The norm is 4–11%.
- Absolute content of monocytes (MO%, MON%). Norm 0.1–0.6x10 9 / l.
- Relative (EO%) and absolute (EO#) content of eosinophils.
- Relative (BA%) and absolute (BA#) content of basophils.
- Relative (IMM%) and absolute ((IMM#) content of immature granulocytes.
- Relative (ATL%) and absolute (ATL#) content of atypical lymphocytes.
- Relative (GRAN%, GR%) content of granulocytes. The norm is 47–72%.
- Absolute (GRAN#, GR#) content of granulocytes. Norm 1.2–6.8x10 9 / l; and others.
If it is necessary to conduct a repeated clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.
How to take a detailed blood test
In order for the results of an extended clinical blood test to be as accurate as possible, a number of rules must be observed:
- the optimal time for taking the analysis is the interval from 7 to 10 in the morning;
- after the last meal, at least 8 hours must pass;
- a few hours before donating blood (at least an hour), you must refrain from smoking;
- about all accepted medicines the patient should warn the doctor, as they can distort the results of the analysis.
The result of the analysis is usually ready on the day of its delivery. Different laboratories may adopt different standards, depending on the methods of examination and units of measurement adopted. Therefore, if it is necessary to conduct a repeated clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.
A detailed clinical blood test includes many indicators. Their reference (normal) values are usually indicated on the referral form, but without taking into account the characteristics of the patient. For example, in children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults, this is their age-related feature and norm. In pregnant women in the second trimester, there is a slight decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels. Also, other factors can influence the parameters of the general blood test, so only a specialist can make the correct decoding.
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